the iranian or the midden eastern arab spring, and the american election, and the third is the pleasuring of -- blurring of fact and opinion. we lived in an era require to this where we thought there was a clear line between when journalists were presenting factual information from a neutral or fair perspective and when we were hearing opinions. that has broken down and those three changes we think have been driven by a variety of things, not the least of which is the technological revolution with we have undergone. >> host: professor, have we lost important gatekeepers of news in your view? >> guest: i think that is one of the central themes of the book, which is that we now live in a world that we call somewhat nerdly multiaxiality. what we mean by that term, the ways in which information can become public information and paid attention to by a lot of people is much more fluid, there are many more gates than there used to be. i argue you don't need gates because the walls have come down. so where we get information from, what becomes newsworthy or important, what goes viral is very diff